The expectations of pregnant women regarding antenatal care

Curationis 31(3): 4-11 From a feminist perspective, research on childbirth and women’s health is a means to a positive change that is conducted in partnership with women for their benefit. A patient-led National Health System (NHS) (Hillan, 1999) also calls for consultation with patients and the wider public for shaping the current and future health services. This study was aimed at exploring and describing the expectations that pregnant women have regarding antenatal care service by the midwife practitioner. In-depth interviews were conducted in an antenatal unit of an Academic Hospital in Gauteng Povince. Data saturation was reached with a sample of eighteen pregnant women who were conveniently selected. Data analysis ran concurrently with data collection. A manual content analysis as described by Tesch was used. Lincoln and Guba’s method of ensuring trustworthiness was adopted (Lincoln & Guba, 1985:328) Literature was undertaken to compare the findings of this study with those of other previous studies. Women displayed several common expectations that led to the saturation of data. It also became apparent from the findings that each woman had varied expectations. There were also some commonalities within the women’s expectations. Health care, as the major expectation and a basic human right, appeared to be basically fulfilled, with the exception of interactional characteristics such as the communication of information, guidance, involvement, the understanding and explanation of aspects, freedom of choice, punctuality, individualized care and continuity of care. The conclusions that were reached let to recommendations for nursing practice, education, research and the formulation of guidelines for the midwife practitioner for the implementation of effective antenatal care, based on the identified expectations.


Introduction and Background
Pregnancy is considered a phase in life that makes great demands on the women's ability to adapt and adjust physically, p sy ch o lo g ica lly and socially.The antenatal period provides an opportunity for reaching out to pregnant women and providing them w ith care that will enhance their optimum health and the wellbeing of their unborn infants.The overall goal o f antenatal care, as such, is the delivery o f healthy babies bom of healthy and well prepared parents.This goal can be achieved through health supervision, supporting parents during the childbirth process and by informing and allowing women to choose what they want (Haggstrom&Hildingsson, 1999:82-90).
Client expectations as the most important influence on h ea lth care, can be conditioned by the service providers themselves or may be influenced by the available stimuli to which the client may adapt, as such, knowledge and exposure to "routine" antenatal care can also guide or influence the pregnant w om en's expectations (Waldenstrom, 1996:170).C onstant ev alu atio n o f "ro u tin e " procedures and protocols and review of research findings, are necessary to ensure that the care that is provided is ev idence based through involving preg n an t w om en as stake holders (Walker, McCully & Vest, 2001:146).R esearch has also indicated the im portance o f the determ ination o f expectations to identify the level of satisfac tio n w ith care.It further highlighted that individuals who expect a certain type of care, will be less satisfied with other forms of care than individuals with no prior expectations ( Clement, S ik o rsk i, W ilson, Das & Sm eton, 1996:122).
The American Midwifery Association (AMA 2000 2 of 3) also verifies the routine antenatal care as follows: During the first antenatal visit, your doctor or m idwife will conduct the following assessment: Obtain your medical history and your fam ily history.Perform a physical examination to confirm that you are pregnant and evaluate your general health.Perform a vaginal examination to check the reproductive organs and to estimate the period of pregnancy.A series of blood and urine tests will be done to detect abnormalities such as anemia or diabetes and advice will be given to you on diet and exercise.You will also be warned about certain items that may harm your foetus.
During subsequent visits.You will be weighed, blood pressure will be monitored and the size of the foetus will be checked .Ultrasound scanning w ill also be done to d etect foetal abnormalities.

Problem Statement
The researcher, as a midwifery lecturer, facilitated students in clinical practice in the antenatal care unit o f a Gauteng Academic Hospital.She observed that ro u tin e care, as o utlined by the A m erican M idw ifery A ssociation (AMA), was rendered to pregnant women during their clinic visits.The National Collaboration Centre for Women and Children's Health (October 2003), within their Clinical guideline on antenatal care, stated that from the m idw ifery perspective, the term "routine antenatal care " is perhaps a misnomer as there is no such a thing as a "routine woman" as every pregnant woman is different and each o f her pregnancies are unique.Pregnant women are mostly subjected to a v arie ty o f p re scrip tio n s and instructions to modify their lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy and childbirth.There is usually no option of refusal and it may be that the care rendered does not fulfill the pregnant w om en's expectations (World Health Organization, 1998).The research er observed w om en at the antenatal unit of an academic hospital in Gauteng during their antenatal care visits and noted the following: A prim igravida was referred from a satellite clinic at 34 weeks for control of hypertension.She arrives at the clinic at 06h45 as client no. 1.She then underwent weighing, urine testing and hemoglobin m onitoring.History was taken.The process was completed by 07h45.The woman then waited for the obstetrician who examined her at 08h30.The woman was then given information regarding the collection of a 24 hour urine specimen as requested by the obstetrician.The woman then left the clinic at 08h50.She was then instructed to submit the urine specimen the following day.
Another client was allocated no.7 on the list o f appointm ents.Urinalysis and weight monitoring was done as part of routine antenatal care.She waited for the obstetrician from 07h25 to 08h45 and left the clinic at 08h55 after being examined.This research addresses this "routine ca re ".Is this what pregnant women expect during her antenatal clinic visits?The researcher's view is that this routine care might be inadequate to what women expect during their antenatal care visits, based on the researcher's assumption that antenatal care is often provided in a ritualistic pattern, which is the easiest, most familiar and most comfortable for the midwife.Midwives who find comfort by providing antenatal care as a routine, may find it increasingly difficult to recognize w hen such care is in ap p ro p riate, or in som e cases, inadequate.(Walker;McCully & Vest 2001:146).Thompson (1999:147) stated that all women have a right to expect that they will receive sufficient care throughout pregnancy and birth to permit them to emerge unscathed.Given the previous and present day constraints o f maternity health care, it is almost certain that a maternity service that meets and fulfills every woman's expectations is an ideal setting (Ledward, 2000:156) Vision 2000, by Kaufman (2000) also recom m end that m aternity services should have explicit policies to empower women as full partners in their care and to involve users in the p lan n in g , development, monitoring and auditing of service provision.

Purpose of the Study
The overall purpose o f this research was to establish the expectations of pregnant women and to develop guidelines for theory, clinical and research in antenatal care.

Research Objectives
The research objectives were two-fold, based on the overall purpose o f the research.

•
To explore and describe the pregnant women's expectations o f antenatal care service • To establish guidelines to the midwife practitioner for the implementation of an effective antenatal care service based on the pregnant women's expectations

Meta-theoretical assumptions
The researcher's assumptions are based upon man being holistic in nature, and as such the service provided should offer physical, social, psychological and spiritual fulfillment.The researcher's belief is that a pregnant woman is a whole person who is a sp iritu al being, functioning in an integrated manner with her internal and external environment.
The internal environment consists of the body, mind and spirit.
The body refers to the anatomical and psychological changes that a pregnant woman undergoes and the adjustments that she makes during pregnancy.
The m ind or psyche, the second dimension, refers to the intellectual, emotional and volitional processes.The intellectual process refers to the pregnant w om an's capacity to understand her situation, its process and expected outcomes, for example, the physiological and psychological changes occurring during preg n an cy and the clin ical implications thereof on her wellbeing.Emotions refer to feelings and affection.Does she accept the pregnancy?Is she emotionally adjusted to pregnancy?With volition, can she make decisions about her health status or make any individual choices?
The spirit, the third dimension o f the internal environm ent, relates to the existence o f conscience in the woman to distinguish if she is able to identify right or wrong interventions regarding the management o f her pregnancy.Many pregnant women follow the obstetrician or m id w ife 's in stru ctio n s w ithout question.The spirit also relates to the woman's relationship with God.Does she believe in pregnancy as natural and as a gift from God, which indicates her morals and values.
The spiritual dimension refers to the pregnant woman's values and religious beliefs.The woman is viewed as part of the family who should also be included within the meta-theoretical assumptions, as the fam ily's support is important during this phase, in order to effect her complete adjustment to the process of pregnancy.

Theoretical assumptions
This assum ption is based upon the existing "Theory for Health Promotion in Nursing".A holistic view o f a pregnant wom an, as explained in the metath eo re tic al assum ptions by a knowledgeable, skilled and sensitive midwife practitioner, who facilitates the p ro m o tio n o f health through the mobilization o f resources.The pregnant woman and the midwife practitioner in teract in this specific context o f antenatal care.This interaction should be mutual and purposeful in order to promote the wellbeing o f the woman during pregnancy.(RAU, 1999) The P a tie n t's R ights C harter (GJTM C,1994) and The Batho Pele P rin cip les (h ttp :// www.kwazulunatal.gov.za/premier/bathopele/what-is.htm) as service principles, also form s part o f the re searc h er's theoretical assumption as it is about transforming Public Service Delivery and giving acceptable customer service to the users of government services.

Research Design
A q u alitativ e research design was undertaken as the aim of the study was exploratory and descriptive.This qualitative approach is based on a holistic worldview, with a belief that there is no single reality, as reality based on perceptions, is different for each person and changes over time.What we know has m eaning only w ithin a given situation or context.As perception varies among individuals, different meanings are possible (Bums & Grove, 2007:62).
Primary data about expectations was o btained from each wom an by the research er, through stru ctu red interviews.The interview, as a flexible data collection technique, allowed the researcher to explore meaning in greater depth (Bums & Grove, 2007:377).The expectations o f individual women were id en tified to determ ine individual m eaning, w ith due consideration to changing health care needs.Data was collected though field notes and the use o f a tape recorder.
The study was carried out in two phases.Phase one involved the exploration and d esc rip tio n o f pregnant w o m en 's expectations from an antenatal care service.Phase two focused on the description o f guidelines for the midwife practitioner to provide an effective antenatal care service, based on the findings of phase one.

Population and Sampling
The population was pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at an Academic Hospital in Gauteng.Non-probability purposive sampling was used, which involved a conscious selection , by the researcher o f certain subjects who met the criteria, to be included in the study.The sampling criteria was as follows: W illingness o f the wom an to share information, pregnancy to have been confirm ed, the wom an should have carried a minimum o f two pregnancies to term with a history o f regular antenatal care attendance.The woman should be able to communicate in either English, Afrikaans or Setswana.

Data Gathering
Data was collected by use of in-depth unstructured interviews, using one openended question.The question was asked in English, Afrikaans and Setswana: 'Please tell me about your expectations o f this antenatal care service?'The central question was followed by a probe 'Were your expectations met during your antenatal visits?A pre-testing study was conducted as a miniature trial run o f the methodology in order to detect any errors and flaws in the data gathering instrument.Pregnant women who met the criteria o f the study population were selected.Every detail of the m ajor study w as applied.The findings obtained from the subject in the pre testing study were also included within the major research findings, as the responses were consistent with those of the larger sample.R esponses w ere reco rd ed on an audiotape and field notes were taken.Interviews were conducted until data became saturated.D ata satu ratio n w as reached w ith eighteen responses.

Data Analysis
Data analysis ran simultaneously with data collection to determine direction for further data collection as evidenced by data sa tu ra tio n , A m anual co ntent analysis as described by Tesch (1990) was applied in the study.Data was analyzed and sub-themes were formulated.Four major themes emerged from grouping sub-themes that carried similar principles or meaning.

Ethical Consideration
Consent was obtained from both the institution and the subject on the basis o f being informed.Participation was voluntary.Subjects were offered the right to refuse to participate or to withdraw without fear of recrimination.A physically, socially and interpersonally conducive context for data collection was provided.A special room within the antenatal unit was reserved for conducting interviews.No data o f private nature was collected.Subjects were allowed to behave and think without interference.Subjects were kept anonymous and there was no linking of findings with individual subjects.The findings o f the study were provided to the institution in a form o f a bound copy and subjects were allowed access to the information.

Trustworthiness
Lincoln and Guba's model (1985:328)   The focus was on the expectations of pregnant women of an antenatal care service.
The results were reflected within the ' Theory fo r Health Promotion in Nursing " The sampling method was purposive with no prior selection responses.Coding o f major themes was done through breaking down, examining, conceptualizing and categorizing data obtained from the women's comments as to what they expect from the antenatal care service.The procedure o f data analysis was through manual content analysis as described by Tesch, 1990.
A c o n se n su s d iscu ssio n was held b etw e en th e re searc h er and the independent coder in order to verify data analysis.The following major themes and sub-them es em erged from data analysis.Table 2 illustrates major themes and sub themes.

Health Care
Health care seemed to be the overall major e x p e ctatio n .The focus w as on examination and assessment by a doctor, the identification o f any deviations from health and the resolution o f presented problems, by e.g.giving of medication.
One participant indicated that she wants to be examined so that the problems that she cannot raise can be identified.
Another concern was about the health o f their unborn babies.WHO (1998)  for these women as one participant said "They must ask you questions about how you f e e l ".History taking as part o f subjective assessment, elicits from the pregnant woman those factors that may have an influence on the outcome o f pregnancy (RCM 2000:224).Pregnant women felt strongly that they should be involved in the m anagem ent o f the pregnancy and to be guided in all activities that involves their pregnancy.Anne Thompson (1996:162) in her report on safe motherhood at risk, stated that the days o f perceiving women as passive consumers o f health care are passed.The involvement o f women gives them a choice and allows them some control on their wellbeing as when the woman is in control o f the situation, self-esteem and self-co n fid en ce in creases (B erg & Dahlberg: 1998

Freedom of Choice (FOC)
An expectation of freedom of choice was expressed as two-fold, i.e freedom of choice o f the caregiver and freedom of choice o f health care intervention.Choice was and is regarded by WHO (1993); as a central feature in health care.The B atho Pele P rin cip les(h ttp :// www.kwazulunatal.gov.za/premier/bathop e le/w h a t-is.htm ) also secure the importance of informed choice through openness and transparency.
The conclusion of a report on 'what really matters to women during pregnancy', revealed that the importance o f being offered choices makes it easier for them to m anage th eir ow n pregnancies.(Kirkham & Perkins, 1997:43).

Punctuality
M ost respondents raised a concern about the adherence of caregivers to the exact appointm ent time as antenatal v isits are m o stly p rolonged.This inconveniences th eir own personal commitments.In his comment on the uplifting o f midwifery in Africa, Doctor Mhlanga (1999:12), concluded that the facilitation o f a positive relationship between the woman and the midwife, could be achieved through negotiating the m ost convenient tim e for each pregnant women to attend the antenatal clinic.
The working hours for staff should be adjusted to suite the women's needs.

Guidelines for Antenatal Care
With the goal o f antenatal care being to en su re th e b est p ossible healthy pregnancy and optim al grow th and development for the unborn baby, the following guidelines were formulated.

Physical examination
A com plete physical and abdominal exam ination should be done to each woman during the first antenatal visit and on subsequent visits if a need arises.Routine diagnostic tests should be done as part o f assessment.A detailed history should be obtained from each woman during the first antenatal visit and be reviewed on subsequent visits

Involvement
The determination and agreement on the proposed plan o f care should involve pregnant women as part o f the decision making process.( Maloni; Yung-Chen; Liebl & Maier, 1996:20)

Individualized care
The plan o f care should be acceptable and affordable to the client and directed at meeting individual needs, considering each pregnancy for each woman, whether first or subsequent, as a unique process.E very p reg n an t w om an should be u n d ersto o d and resp ected as an individual in order to meet her needs.M idwives should be sensitive to the pregnant women's feelings.

Continuity of care
Antenatal visits should be arranged in such a way that particular midwives are on duty for p a rtic u la r clien ts appointm ents.(Fargutar, C am illeri, Femate & Todd 2000:35-47;Kirkham & Perkins, 1997:5;McCourt&Pearce, 2000: 148).The use o f a small team of midwives that take responsibility for the majority of care seems to be working well.There is substantial evidence that midwiferyprovided continuity of care has beneficial effects on the pregnancy outcome, like offering a greater sense of control and greater satisfactio n w ith antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal care (Vision, 2000:158) Healthy pregnancy Antenatal visits should be scheduled as outlined in the Gauteng Antenatal Care Policy Document.The midwife should encourage women to attend antenatal care as scheduled.Targeted support should be provided for women with special needs e.g women carrying multiple pregnancy.The midwife should co nduct a continuous assessm ent o f each w om an during antenatal care visits and all midwives should undertake ongoing professional development to reduce risks in midwifery practice.

Guidance
Pregnant women should be continuously supervised on the proposed plan o f care and skilled attendance to the women's health care program should be ensured.

Communication
Adequate time to talk and listen to the woman about her health status should be provided, ensuring a two way process o f in teractio n .The com m unicated information should be clearly explained at the level o f the woman's understanding by using the language that the client un d erstan d s and also ensuring understanding o f w hat the client is communicating to the midwife.

Information
Ensure that the inform ation that is com m unicated is relevant, accurate, accessible and adequate.

Freedom of choice
Inform the woman fully about the options of care available, the risk and benefits of procedures.Provide the woman with accurate, unbiased information that is based upon the best available scientific evidence to enable her to m ake an informed choice.Negotiate and reach a w orkable agreem ent w ith the client regarding the proposed health care plan Encourage the woman to make decisions based on her own needs and values, making her aware that she takes final responsibility for her choices.Guide and support the woman's choices.

Punctuality
Provide timely and prompt attendance to women when they arrive for an antenatal visit.(Thompson, 1999:151).Scheduling of appointments should be flexible for all pregnant women to make working hours convenient for the woman, the caregivers and support services.Clinic visits may be scheduled for late afternoons or during weekends.(Antenatal Care Policy, 1998:8;Maloni etal, 1996:19)

Discussion
The pregnant women's responses to the central question were clearly stated as compared to the second question where respondents either emphasized what was stated in the initial response or mentioned additional expectations.The second question enhanced responses to the central question.
Although there was no clear cut answer o f either a "yes" or "no" when the respondents were asked whether their expectations were met or not, it became apparent that each woman had varied expectations.There were also some com m onalities w ithin the w om en's expectations.Health care, as the major expectation and a basic human right, appeared to be basically fulfilled, with the exception o f interaction characteristics, such as communication of information, guidance, involvement, understanding and the e x p lan a tio n o f asp ects, punctuality, freedom o f choice, individualized care and continuity of care.
The focus o f health care as a major expectation included health assessment that involves physical examination and history taking or data collection, the involvement of the woman in the process o f health care, continuity o f care and guidance which are all interdependent and leads to a health y pregnancy.Physical examination, data collection and technical tests are necessary as part of assessment in the nursing process, as they lead to a midwifery diagnosis and finally to the maintenance of the woman's normal health status if an appropriate intervention is undertaken.Most women had high expectations o f antenatal care in terms o f an attempt to prevent foetal morbidity.Checking the baby's health was the most important aspect of health care, followed by the mother's health.
The women felt that the involvement of the woman in their health care, provision o f g u id an ce, in d iv id u a liz ed care, communication and the continuity of care fulfills them and allows them to experience a feeling o f self-worth.The above four co n cep ts also re flected w ithin the principle o f "w om en-centered care" (H illan, 1999).The effectiveness o f co m m u n icatio n is based on the explanation of the information to facilitate understanding and to ensure a two-way interaction.As part o f communication, record keeping in health care should also be used as a form o f w ritten co m m u n icatio n for id en tificatio n p u rp o ses, as in d icated w ithin the women's expectations.
The importance o f freedom of choice of the careg iv er and caring has been validated through previous studies.As the outcome o f choice is based on the adequacy of information provided, the c a reg iv er has a duty to provide information to the client.According to the P a tie n t's R ights C h arter (GJTMC, 1994), a pregnant woman should be made aware that she has a right to choose a caregiver and a health care intervention, as well a right o f refusal of a caregiver or a particular intervention.
Punctuality, as applied to scheduling of antenatal visits, appointments and the duration and period o f attendance to the woman during the health care delivery, in d irec tly co n trib u tes to the effectiveness of health care.Scheduling o f ap p o in tm en ts should also accom m odate sp ecific groups like w orking women.Punctuality can be maintained through the correct timing and sticking to appointments, the reduction of the waiting period during the health care process and the actual length of atten d an ce by the m idw ife or the obstetrician.
The findings o f this study can also be inter-grated with the following Batho Pele Principles which are consultation, service stan d ard s, co u rtesy, choices and transparency.Consultation is reflected within the title o f the study, which is about asking pregnant women about the service they expect during an ten a tal v isits and establishing how best that could be met.Service standards or guidelines were formulated based on what is regarded as important to pregnant women.Every pregnant woman should be treated with dignity and respect as an individual, this relates to the principle o f courtesy.Women indicated their need to be well informed about their wellbeing in order that they can make right choices.The service should be open and honest about every aspect o f health care provided.
The maintenance o f a healthy pregnancy is a challenge to midwife practitioners.Midwifery legislation also enables the midwife to provide total care during pregnancy without reference to other health care professionals, unless if there is any deviation from the norm.(ANON, 2000:225;SANC, 1990)

Recommendations Nursing Practice
Comprehensive and holistic care should be provided based on the expectations of pregnant women, as identified in the study.A special effort should be made to consider pregnant women as unique at all tim es by considering individual differences and preferences

Nursing Education
Midwife practitioners should undertake continuing education to fam iliarize themselves with research findings, such as the findings on women's expectations, so that they can offer health care that is con g ru en t w ith p re g n an t w o m en 's expectations.
N urse educators should use stra te g ie s such as simulations, thinking aloud techniques and reflections, as these will provide opportunities for students to use their knowledge in clinical decision making situations and to practice reasoning processes before they fully engage in clinical practice (Cioffi, 1998:14-15).

Conclusion
The Changing Childbirth report by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence on w om en's views on antenatal care (2007), explicitly confirmed that women should be the focus o f maternity care.It also states that "care during pregnancy should enable a woman to make informed decisions, based on her needs, having discussed her needs fully w ith the professionals involved.
The an ten a tal p erio d p re se n ts an opportunity for reaching out to pregnant women with interventions that may be vital to their health and wellbeing and the health o f their unborn babies.The findings o f this study calls on a midwife to be a sensitive professional, who, through an interactive process, facilitates health care for the promotion o f maternal health within the perspective o f the client and the nursing environment ResultsA fter exploring the expectations o f eighteen pregnant women, data was arranged into meaningful statements to bear the testim o n y o f the true ex p ectatio n s based on obtained T ab lel: Measures used to ensure trustworthiness of the study The researcher spent a month working in the unit prior to conducting the study The researcher facilitated students in the unit for two years The researcher spent a reasonable time with subjects before the interviews in order to establish rapport The study was piloted Confirmability Authority o f the researcher Member check Reflexivity Researcher has undergone training in research methodology The research was supervised by a doctor in midwifery nursing science who has experience in conducting qualitative research The audiotape was played back to subjects for them to confirm their responses.The subject's comments were rephrased to verify accuracy o f the researcher's interpretation Field notes were used to preserve recorded information Dependability Dependability audit Personal logs and field notes were kept after use Use o f findings from similar studies through literature control Transferability Structural coherence Nominated sample C A L L IS T E R , LC & H O B B IN S -G A R B E T T , D 2000: C ochrane pregnancy and childbirth database: Resource for evidence-based practice.Journal o f Obstetric.Gvnaecologic and Neonatal Nursing.29:123 -127) CIO FFI, J 1998: Education for clinical decision -making in midwifery practice.Midwifery.120-127.CLEMENT, S; S1KORSKI.J; WILSON, J ; DAS, S & SM EETO N , N 1996: Women's satisfaction with traditional and red u ced an ten atal v isit schedules.Midwifery.14:18-22.D E M O C R A T IC N U R S IN G ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH AFRICA.1996: Ethical considerations in nursing.Pretoria: DENOSA FA RQ U A R, M; C A M M IL L E R R I-FERRAN TE, C & TODD, C 2000: Continuity o f care in maternity services: Women's view of one team midwifery scheme.Midwifery.3 5-47.G A U T E N G D E P A R T M E N T O F HEALTH, 1999: Directorate mother and child health.A ntenatal care policy document: South Africa.HAGGSTROM, T & HILDINGSON, I 1999: Midwive's lived experiences of being supportive to prospective mothers / parents during pregnancy.Midwifery.15:82-92.H A L L , J 1997: M id w iv e's skills.Changing them for the better.Midwives.110(1308) HILDINGSSON, I; WALDENSTROM, U & R A D E STA D , I 2002: W om en's ex p e ctatio n s on antenatal care as assessed in early pregnancy: number of visits, continuity of caregiver and general content.HILLAN, E 1999: Midwives delivering the new National Health System.Roval College of Midwives.3 (10):309 -331.KAUFFMAN, T 2000: Vision 2000: the RCM looks to the future.Midwives journal: Vol. 3 No. 6 KIRKHAM, MJ & PERKINS, E R 1997: Reflections on midwifery.London: W. B. Saunders.L E A C H , J ; D O W S W E L L , T; HEW ISON, J; BASLINGTON, H & W A R R IL O W , J 1998: W om en's perception of maternity carers.Midwifery.14:48-53.LEDWARD, A 2000: A discussion of justice in relation to changing childbirth.Roval College of Midwives.3:156-157 LEIN IN G ER, M M 1984: Qualitative research m ethods in nursing.Philadelphia: B Saunders Company.LINCOLN, YS & GUBA, EG 1985: Naturalistic enquiry.Sage Publications, Inc. M A LO N I, JA ; YUNG-CHENG, C; L IE B L , C P & M A IE R , JS 1996: Transforming prenatal care: Reflections on the past and present with implication for the future.Journal o f Obstetric.Gvnaecologic and Neonatal Nursing.25 (1): 17-22.MCCOURT, C & PEARCE, A 2000: Does continuity of care matter to women from minority groups?Midwifery.16:145 -154.MLHANGA, RE 1996: At a time when there is extensive concern about the maternal mortality rate.African Journal of Nursing and Midwifery.Vol.1:12